WHY THIS HAPPENS
Cardiac drift on long rides — HR rises for the same power as fatigue accumulates
Dehydration — blood volume drops, HR climbs to maintain cardiac output
Under-recovery from previous sessions, illness, or poor sleep
Heat stress — warm days can add 10-15 bpm at the same power
Caffeine, alcohol, or stress the night before
Zone miscalibration — your zones may be wrong if FTP hasn't been tested recently
Overtraining — elevated resting HR for 3+ consecutive days is a red flag
Under-fuelling — low glycogen drives HR up at lower intensities