VO2max sets the ceiling for aerobic power production. Trained male cyclists typically range from 50-70 ml/kg/min; elite World Tour riders reach 80-90+. While partly genetic, VO2max is trainable through high-intensity interval work — particularly 3-8 minute efforts at 106-120% of FTP. Prof. Seiler's research shows that the polarised model (80% easy, 20% hard) is the most effective distribution for improving VO2max over time.